I think this can happen for two main reasons – one is over use of the vocal chords (lots of shouting) can temporarily damage them (this why people sometimes have no voice after a night out in town when they’ve had to shout over the loud music in a club). The other reason would be as Helen has suggested – some sort of infection, usually laryngitis I think.
You might get an infection in your larynx, or it might just get inflamed through over use (perhaps if you were a professional singer). It can be quite painful when we lose our voice – this is to discourage us from talking to give it a chance to heal!
See here – the vocal fold (also called vocal cord) acts like a guitar string. If you over use it, or if it gets infected, it basically goes loose and floppy and doesn’t twang properly anymore. Try wrapping a guitar string in sellotape (infection) and see how it sounds.
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