I think you would have to ask someone who studies politics about this one! China has had the biggest population for a very long time historically, and it really started taking off in the 15th century. Since then, different political regimes have had an effect, but following the introduction of the one-child policy in the 1970s, things are expected to slow down a bit.
China is a huge country compared to the UK. It has grown a large population over a long period of time because there is more space for farming and other human activities that enable people living there to survive.
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